Avoid Common Title Problems By Better Understanding the Different Types of Ownership
We often hear from taxpayers -- all well-intentioned -- who lost or seriously compromised their valuable exemptions or Save Our Homes (SOH) protection when they made "do-it-yourself" changes to a deed. While we always recommend you seek professional advice from a qualified attorney when making title changes, the information below should help you better understand the key differences between the most common forms of home ownership if you still decide to risk making these changes on your own. Keep in mind these are VERY simplified explanations of some rather complicated legal issues. There are many variations (and legal and tax consequences) of ownership types, but this list should give you a basic understanding of these important concepts:
TENANTS IN COMMON (TIC): Each of the owners owns a share of the property, which may be sold separately. Florida law presumes equal ownership interests, unless specific percentages are written in the recorded deed. Example: "To Bill Johnson and Mary Smith" would give Bill and Mary ownership of 50% each. IMPORTANT: Unless a different type of ownership (see below) is specified in the deed, Florida law ALWAYS defaults the co-ownership to TIC. Under TIC, if only one of two owners files for homestead, the property would get 100% of the $25,000 homestead exemption -- but only 50% (the amount owned by the one who filed) of the assessed value is protected by the SOH cap.
TENANTS BY THE ENTIRETY (TBTE): This applies only to a husband and wife, who should be identified in the deed as "husband and wife" or "a married couple." This TBTE status -- which is automatic when that language is stated -- gives each spouse overlapping 100% interests, full exemption coverage (when one files), and rights of survivorship. This interest automatically converts to TIC status when the divorce is finalized (unless or until the property is transferred to one spouse pursuant to the divorce settlement or court order). Also, if co-owners marry after previously purchasing a property as single persons, please let us know about the marriage (i.e., copy of marriage certificate) so we can update our records.
JOINT TENANTS WITH RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP (JTRS): This gives two or more unmarried co-owners legal rights to property largely similar to those granted to TBTE owners. Example: "To Mark Wright and Bill Johnson, as joint tenants with right of survivorship." The JTRS co-owners would each own overlapping 100% interests -- and any one owner filing for homestead would qualify for 100% of the homestead and SOH coverage. When a JTRS co-owner dies, all remaining title interests are automatically divided between the living JTRS co-owner(s). We strongly urge all JTRS owners living on the property to file for homestead.
LIFE ESTATE (LE): This is the present interest to use a property for life, but leaves the remainder interest (i.e., title after the life estate holder dies) to one or more future owners. Example: "To Mary Smith for her life, with the remainder to her sons Bill Johnson and Steve Johnson." Mary (the life estate holder) is the only person eligible for homestead during her lifetime. It is also possible to create joint life estates allowing more than one person to have full rights to use the property at the same time (example: an elderly couple retains joint life estates before leaving the remainder to their child). IMPORTANT: There are different ways to create life estates -- some allow for more flexibility than others as to a future sale of the property -- so discuss this with an attorney to learn more.
REMAINDER: This is the future interest that follows a life estate. Example: "To Mary Smith for her life, with the remainder to Bill Johnson." Under Florida law, Bill does not have any present right to possess the property until Mary dies. So long as Mary (the life estate holder) is alive, Bill (the remainder interest) is not eligible to claim homestead on the property. This is true as a matter of Florida law even if Bill is living on the property with Mary's permission during her lifetime.
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